Verbs - Groups
LEARN

Verbs in Japanese are categorized into three groups: 1. Godai (u), 2. Ichidan (iru / eru), and 3. Irregular (suru / kuru). Understanding these groups helps in conjugation.

1. Godan (ending in "u")

These are most Japanese verbs. They end in "u".

Verb Examples

Basic Conjugation - Core Forms

FormSuffixRuleExample: のむRomaji
Present - Dictionary-Root + うのむnomu
Masu (Polite)imasuDrop final "u", add いますのみますnomimasu
Masen (Negative Polite)imasenDrop final "u", add いませんのませんnomimasen
Nai (Negative)anai / wanaiDrop final "u", add あない
If ends with う → わない
のまないnomanai
Te (Requests, Permissions)-Change final syllable: 
む, ぶ, ぬ → んで
く → いて
ぐ → いで
す → して
る, う, つ → って
のんでnonde
Ta (Past)ta / daTe-form, replace て・で → た・だのんだnonda
Nakatta (Past Negative)anakatta / wanakattaNai-form, change い → かったのまなんかったnomanakatta
Mashita (Past Polite)imashitaDrop final "u", add いましたのみますnomimashita
Masen Deshita (Past Polite Negative)imasen deshitaMasen-form + でしたのませんでしたnomimasen deshita
Volitional (Suggestions, Intentions)ouDrop final う → おうのもうnomou
Tara (Conditional)dera / daraた-form + らのめばnondara

Examples

毎日水をのむ
(Mainichi mizu o nomu.) → I drink water every day.

私はコーヒーをのみます
(Watashi wa kōhī o nomimasu.) → I drink coffee. (polite)

彼はお酒をのまない
(Kare wa osake o nomanai.) → He doesn’t drink alcohol.

お茶をのんでください。
(Ocha o nonde kudasai.) → Please drink tea.

昨日ジュースをのんだ
(Kinō jūsu o nonda.) → I drank juice yesterday.

みんなでお茶をのもう
(Minna de ocha o nomou!) → Let’s drink tea together!

コーヒーをのめば目が覚める。
(Kōhī o nondara me ga sameru.) → If I drink coffee, I wake up.

 

Exceptions

While these look like Ichidan verb (2nd group) they actually are first group verbs:
 

VerbRomajiMeaning
知るshiruTo know
走るhashiruTo run
切るkiruTo cut
入るhairuTo enter
帰るkaeruTo return (home)
要るiruTo need

2. Ichidan (ending in "iru" or "eru")

These verbs always end in "i"る and "e"る.

Verb Examples

Basic Conjugation - Core Forms

FormSuffixRuleExample: たべるRomaji
Dictionary-Root + るたべるtaberu
Masu (Polite)masuDrop る, add ますたべますtabemasu
Masen (Negative Polite)masenDrop る, add ませんたべませんtabemasen
Nai (Negative)naiDrop る, add ないたべないtabenai
Te (Requests, Permissions)teDrop る, add てたべてtabete
Ta (Past)taTe-form, replace て → たたべたtabeta
Nakatta (Past Negative)nakattaNai-form, change い → かったたべなかったtabenakatta
Mashita (Past Polite)mashitaDrop る, add ましたたべましたtabemashita
Masen Deshita (Past Polite Negative)masen deshitaMasen-form + でしたたべませんでしたtabemasen deshita
Volitional (Suggestions, Intentions)youDrop る, add ようたべようtabeyou
Tara (Conditional)taraDrop る, add たらたべればtabetara

Examples

毎朝パンをたべる
(Maiasa pan o taberu.) → I eat bread every morning.

私は寿司をたべます
(Watashi wa sushi o tabemasu.) → I eat sushi. (polite).

彼は肉をたべない
(Kare wa niku o tabenai.) → He doesn’t eat meat.

野菜をたべてください。
(Yasai o tabete kudasai.) → Please eat vegetables.

昨日ラーメンをたべた
(Kinō rāmen o tabeta.) → I ate ramen yesterday.

一緒にピザをたべよう
(Issho ni piza o tabeyou!) → Let’s eat pizza together!

野菜をたべれば健康になる。
(Yasai o tabetara kenkō ni naru.) → If you eat vegetables, you'll be healthy.


3. Irregular Verbs ("suru" and "kuru")

There are only two irregular verbs in Japanese.

Suru (to do) - Core Forms

FormRuleRomaji
Dictionaryするsuru
Masu (Polite)しますshimasu
Masen (Negative Polite)しませんshimasen
Nai (Negative)しないshinai
Te (Requests, Permissions)してshite
Ta (Past)したshita
Nakatta (Past Negative)しなかったshinakatta
Mashita (Past Polite)しましたshimashita
Masen Deshita (Past Polite Negative)しませんでしたshimasen deshita
Volitional (Suggestions, Intentions)しようshou
Tara (Conditional)したらshitara

Examples

宿題をする
(Shukudai o suru.) → I do homework.

明日仕事をします
(Ashita shigoto o shimasu.) → I will work tomorrow.

彼は運動をしない
(Kare wa undō o shinai.) → He doesn’t exercise.

頑張ってしてください!
(Ganbatte shite kudasai!) → Please do your best!

昨日買い物をした
(Kinō kaimono o shita.) → I did shopping yesterday.

一緒にゲームをしよう
(Issho ni gēmu o shiyou!) → Let’s play a game together!

もっと勉強すれば合格できる。
(Motto benkyō shitara gōkaku dekiru.) → If you study more, you can pass.

 

Kuru (to come) - Core Forms

FormRuleRomaji
Dictionaryくるkuru
Masu (Polite)きますkimasu
Masen (Negative Polite)きませんkimasen
Nai (Negative)こないkonai
Te (Requests, Permissions)きてkite
Ta (Past)きたkita
Nakatta (Past Negative)こなかったkonakatta
Mashita (Past Polite)きましたkimashita
Masen Deshita (Past Polite Negative)きませんでしたkimasen deshita
Volitional (Suggestions, Intentions)こようkoyou
Tara (Conditional)きたらkitara

Examples

彼は毎日学校にくる
(Kare wa maiasa gakkō ni kuru.) → He comes to school every day.

明日私の家にきますか?
(Ashita watashi no ie ni kimasu ka?) → Will you come to my house tomorrow?

彼女はパーティーにこない
(Kanojo wa pātī ni konai.) → She doesn’t come to the party.

ここにきてください! 
(Koko ni kite kudasai!) → Please come here!

彼は昨日遅くきた
(Kare wa kinō osoku kita.) → He came late yesterday.

明日は早くこよう
(Ashita wa hayaku koyou!) → Let’s come early tomorrow!

早くくればいい席がとれるよ。
(Hayaku kitara ii seki ga toreru yo.) → If you come early, you’ll get a good seat.